VULC3.SAVULC3.SA
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R&D Expense Growth Trend
Above historical average.
Left:
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Year-over-year research & development expense growth
Latest
0.00%
↑ 100% above average
Average (9y)
-2.67%
Historical baseline
Range
High:59.58%
Low:-100.00%
Volatility
-5973.9%
Relatively stable
| Period | Value |
|---|---|
| 2024 | 0.00% |
| 2023 | 0.00% |
| 2022 | 0.00% |
| 2021 | 0.00% |
| 2020 | 0.00% |
| 2019 | -100.00% |
| 2018 | 18.19% |
| 2017 | 3.85% |
| 2016 | 59.58% |
| 2015 | -8.33% |