W. R. Berkley CorporationWRBNYSE

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DCF Valuation

DCF Valuation Summary

Strong Buy

Fair Value: $145.86 per share(market-calibrated)

+100.8%

Upside to Fair Value

Current

$72.64

Pure Model

$159.84

Fair Value

$145.86

Bull Case

$186.81

Bear Case

$135.93

Market Reality Check

Model Terminal Growth

2.50%

Market-Implied Growth

0.50%

Calibrated Growth

1.80%

Fair value uses 65% model / 35% market-implied terminal growth. Pure model: $159.84.

What's Driving This Ratingfor WRB

✓

CapEx already efficient

CapEx at 0.61% of revenue is already at or below sector maintenance level. No normalization needed — cash conversion is already strong.

↑

Margin expansion modeled

Current EBIT margin is 18.05% — below the sector mature average of 28.00%. Model expands margins as the business scales and operating leverage kicks in. Year 10 EBIT reaches $4.5B (25.91% margin).

→

Moderate revenue growth

Analyst consensus projects -11.70% revenue growth, fading to 2.50% by Year 10. Revenue reaches $17.4B (vs $14.7B today).

↔

Perpetuity and exit methods disagree

Perpetuity growth gives $197.46/share (31.5x terminal FCF) while exit multiple gives $122.22/share (16.0x terminal FCF). The base case averages both methods.

🎯

Market pricing in lower growth than model

The market implies only 0.50% perpetual growth — 200bps below the model's 2.50%. This suggests the market sees headwinds or risks not in the model.

✓

Strong cash flow conversion

Year 10 FCF/EBITDA conversion of 74.90% indicates efficient cash generation. FCF reaches $3.4B by Year 10 (19.35% FCF margin).

Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)

Cost of Equity (CAPM)

Risk-Free Rate (Rf)4.50%

Beta (β)0.34

Market Risk Premium4.50%

*Using current implied premium (4.5% per Damodaran 2026), not historical (6.5%)

Cost of Equity (Re)6.01%

Cost of Debt

Pre-tax Cost of Debt4.25%

Tax Rate21.74%

After-tax Cost of Debt3.33%

Equity Weight (E/V)90.29%

Debt Weight (D/V)9.71%

WACC Calculation

WACC = (E/V × Re) + (D/V × Rd × (1-Tc))

WACC = (90.29% × 6.01%) + (9.71% × 3.33%)

= 5.75%

10-Year Free Cash Flow Projections(showing years 1, 3, 5, 7, 10)

Year	Year 1	Year 3	Year 5	Year 7	Year 10
Revenue	$13.0B	$14.4B	$15.4B	$16.2B	$17.4B
EBIT	$2.3B	$2.6B	$3.3B	$3.9B	$4.5B
Tax	$509M	$565M	$723M	$840M	$980M
NOPAT	$1.8B	$2.0B	$2.6B	$3.0B	$3.5B
+ Depreciation	-$10M	-$11M	-$11M	-$12M	-$13M
- Capex	$79M	$88M	$94M	$98M	$106M
- Δ NWC	-$172M	$79M	$38M	$39M	$42M
Free Cash Flow	$1.9B	$1.9B	$2.5B	$2.9B	$3.4B
Discount Factor	0.946	0.846	0.756	0.676	0.572
Present Value	$1.8B	$1.6B	$1.9B	$1.9B	$1.9B

FCF Formula: Free Cash Flow = NOPAT + Depreciation - Capex - Change in Net Working Capital

Terminal Value Calculation

Perpetuity Growth Method

Year 10 FCF$3.4B

Terminal Growth Rate2.50%

WACC5.75%

TV = FCF₁₀ × (1+g) / (WACC-g)

Terminal Value$106.2B

PV of Terminal Value$60.7B

Exit Multiple Method

Year 10 EBITDA$4.5B

Exit Multiple (EV/EBITDA)12.0x

TV = EBITDA₁₀ × Exit Multiple

Terminal Value$54.0B

PV of Terminal Value$30.8B

Valuation Summary

Perpetuity Growth Method

PV of Projected FCFs$18.3B

PV of Terminal Value$60.7B

Enterprise Value$78.9B

(-) Net Debt$614M

Equity Value$78.3B

Shares Outstanding397M

Price per Share$197.46

Exit Multiple Method

PV of Projected FCFs$18.3B

PV of Terminal Value$30.8B

Enterprise Value$49.1B

(-) Net Debt$614M

Equity Value$48.5B

Shares Outstanding397M

Price per Share$122.22

Pure Model Fair Value

$159.84

Average of perpetuity growth and exit multiple methods (before market calibration)

Sensitivity AnalysisPrice per Share

WACC ↓ / Growth →	1.50%	2.00%	2.50%	3.00%	3.50%
3.75%	$229.27	$241.26	$231.56	$222.31	$213.49
4.75%	$173.08	$188.70	$211.27	$222.31	$213.49
5.75%	$141.27	$149.32	$159.84	$174.18	$194.90
6.75%	$120.16	$124.89	$130.72	$138.11	$147.78
7.75%	$104.79	$107.81	$111.39	$115.74	$121.10

How to read: This table shows how the valuation changes with different WACC (discount rate) and terminal growth rate assumptions. Green = undervalued, Red = overvalued.

Scenario Analysis

Bear Case

$135.93

87.1% vs current

• -25% vs analyst consensus
• Terminal growth: 2.0%
• Beta: 0.42

Base Case

$159.84

120.0% vs current

• Analyst consensus
• Terminal growth: 2.5%
• Beta: 0.34

Bull Case

$186.81

157.2% vs current

• +25% vs analyst consensus
• Terminal growth: 3.0%
• Beta: 0.30

Key Assumptions & Drivers• Financial Services Sector

Growth Assumptions (Select Years)

Year 1 Revenue Growth-11.70%

Year 3 Revenue Growth5.81%

Year 5 Revenue Growth2.50%

Year 7 Revenue Growth2.50%

Year 10 Revenue Growth2.50%

Terminal Growth Rate2.50%

Margin & Efficiency

Current EBIT Margin18.05%

Terminal EBIT Margin28.00%

Tax Rate21.74%

Historical Capex / Rev0.61%

NWC / Revenue10.00%

Key Drivers: Revenue growth, operating margin expansion, capex efficiency, and working capital management are the primary drivers of cash flow generation. Terminal value assumptions significantly impact final valuation.

Institutional-Grade Methodology

Actual Company Data: Revenue, EBIT, Capex, NWC, Tax Rate, Interest Expense, Beta

Market Assumptions: Risk-free: 4.5% (10Y), MRP: 4.5% (Damodaran 2026), Exit: 12x EV/EBITDA (Financial Services sector)

This DCF model is for informational purposes only. Projections are based on assumptions that may not materialize. Past performance does not guarantee future results. Consult a financial advisor before making investment decisions.

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