Lithium supply glut risk: 2025-2027 capacity additions (Australia, Chile, Argentina, China) could exceed demand growth, keeping prices below $20k/ton and pressuring returns on $2.5B capex
Battery chemistry shifts: LFP (lithium iron phosphate) adoption in China reduces lithium intensity per kWh vs. NMC; sodium-ion batteries (CATL commercializing) could displace lithium in entry-level EVs
Resource nationalism: Chile constitutional debates over lithium nationalization; Argentina export restrictions; China's dominance in midstream conversion (60% global capacity) creates geopolitical supply chain risk
Chinese producers (Ganfeng, Tianqi) with lower-cost lepidolite hard rock and integrated conversion undercutting on price
SQM (Chile brine competitor) expanding Atacama production to 210k tons by 2027, pressuring Albemarle's market share
Vertical integration by OEMs: Tesla acquiring lithium rights in Nevada; Ford investing in direct extraction technology
Capex overruns on Kemerton (Australia) and La Negra (Chile) conversion plants - historical 20-30% cost inflation vs. initial estimates
Working capital swings: lithium price volatility creates inventory valuation risk (FIFO accounting); $500M+ working capital build in upcycles
StructuralCompetitiveBalance Sheet