Design Therapeutics, Inc.DSGNNASDAQ
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Operator: Good afternoon, and welcome to Design’s Conference Call. [Operator Instructions]. Please be advised that this call is being recorded at the company's request. I would now like to turn the call over to Dr. Sean Jeffries, Chief Operating Officer of Design Therapeutics. You may begin.
Sean Jeffries : Welcome and thank you for joining us today. Earlier, we issued a press release outlining our fourth quarter and full year 2023 financial results and updates across our portfolio of GeneTAC small molecule genomic medicines. The slides that we'll be using today during today's call will be available along with the recording of this call in the investor section of our website at designtx.com. I'm Sean Jeffries, Chief Operating Officer of Design, and I'm joined today on the call by our Chairman and CEO, Dr. Pratik Shah. During this call, we will use forward-looking statements to related to our current expectations and plans, including our program development plans, which are subject to risk and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially due to various important factors, including those described in the risk factors section of our most recently filed Form 10-K. These statements represent our views as of this call and should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any date in the future. We take no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements. With that, I'd like to turn the call over to Dr. Shah.
Pratik Shah : Thank you, Dr. Jeffries, and good afternoon, everyone. I'm excited to present Design Therapeutics’ First Significant Update for 2024. What makes this company unique and compelling is that we have discovered a new class of small molecules that are designed to dial up or dial down the expression of an individual gene in the genome. When you think about the role of individual genes and disease, there are many monogenic disorders where the single gene that causes the disease is well established. Our vision is to develop small molecules that can provide a restorative therapy and work with the patient's natural genome to help cells read the genes in a manner that restores cellular health despite the presence of the mutations. We are working on at least four major such disorders, Friedreich Ataxia, Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy, Huntington’s Disease, and Myotonic Dystrophy. Each of the programs we are pursuing in these areas have the potential to be first in class or best in class. I'm Pratik Shah, I serve as the CEO. I was previously Chairman of Synthorx, which is now part of Sanofi as a result of $2.5 billion acquisition, and prior to that I was CEO of Auspex Pharmaceuticals, which was acquired for $3.5 billion. There we had discovered and developed AUSTEDO, which is now doing over $1 billion in annual revenue, and I'm joined by an accomplished and capable leadership team at Design, including Dr. Sean Jeffries, our Chief Operating Officer; and Dr. Jae Kim. Our Chief Medical Officer. Design's genomic medicine platform has the potential to surpass competing modalities like gene editing and gene therapy for the treatment of these diseases. In addition, we have a five-year operating runway, which enables us to generate clinical proof of concept on up to four programs. Success in any one of these programs has the potential to generate enormous value for patients and shareholders. Each of our programs is pursuing the treatment of monogenic diseases where the single gene root cause is known, and our therapeutic strategies to restore the normal gene expression state of this known single gene driver. Each of our programs has a first or best in class profile, which has highly differentiating features, and each of these are substantial market opportunities. Friedreich Ataxia or FA is a debilitating neuromuscular disorder with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as the primary cause of death. It's caused by a GAA repeat mutation in the Frataxin gene, which is broadly expressed in the body. The goal of our genomic medicine is to increase levels of endogenous RITUXAN and address the monogenic cause of FA. We will address the background in greater detail later in the presentation. We had taken our lead molecule DT216 for Friedreich Ataxia into clinical trials in 2022 and ‘23, and confirmed that DT-216 can increase the level of frataxin RNA expression in patients with FA. We also learned about limitations to the prior formulation in human studies. Today, we would like to announce a new drug product using the same DT-216 drug substance as before. We refer to this new drug product as DT-216P2, which we believe has properties that resolve these prior barriers to progressing DT-216 further into development The market opportunity for a systemic therapy that can restore endogenous Rituxan levels remains large and unaffected by progress by others in the field. The prior DT-216 drug product had a rapid elimination from plasma during a period called the alpha phase and its exposure profile, and therefore, drug levels in the plasma were low after only a few hours. The orange curve shows the pharmacokinetics of the prior DT-216 drug product in non-human primates. In green is the PK of DT-216P2, which has a shorter alpha phase and a more rapid transition to the beta phase, and therefore a substantial increase in drug levels over a much longer period of time. Due to this increase in exposure, lower levels of administered drug are needed to achieve these desired profiles. In addition, a favorable injection site reaction profile has been seen with the new drug product in nonclinical studies. With this new advance, we are back on a path to continue further development of DT-216 for patients with FA. In the time, since our last update, we have also advanced the GeneTAC platform and have refined our strategy and priorities for the programs. Our FECD program data have now been reviewed by the FDA resulting in an IND cleared to proceed. As a result, we plan to initiate Phase 1 development for DT-168 this year. We have also decided to conduct an observational study in patients with FECD prior to conducting an investigational drug treatment trial in patients. We are also announcing for the first time our Huntington's disease program where we have identified small molecule candidates that exhibit allele selective reduction of Mutant Huntington expression considered an ideal, although elusive profile for molecules that could be reasonably advanced as systemically administered and widely distributing compounds. Similarly, we have identified compounds exhibiting allele selective inhibition of Mutant DMPK, which is the root cause of myotonic dystrophy with what we believe are best-in-class foci reduction and splicing restoration data. We aim to advance both HD and DM1 programs to declare development candidates. Gene editing and gene therapy have understandably captured the imagination of humankind. Ever since, we learned that mutations in single genes cause disease, there has been a desire to edit the genome in some fashion to restore normal cellular health. Other approaches have also emerged that try to get at the root cause of monogenic diseases. However, if gene tech molecules work in patients, there would be little doubt that they represent the best option in genomic medicine. Since GeneTAC molecules when systemically administered, can distribute widely to a broad set of tissues in the target cells broadly to affect the desired outcome without altering a patient's natural genome. Furthermore, investments into new platform companies often suffer from frequent rounds of dilution due to the necessary high R&D burn rates that often require investors that time their investment decisions with great care. Design’s approach is more cost effective, making an investment decision for a longer horizon potentially quite attractive. The advantage of GeneTAC molecules become more apparent when you consider how much smaller these molecules are than those of competing modalities, which further explains the broad distribution properties. Also, by restoring endogenous gene expression, like in FA, the gene products are entirely normal and under normal physiologic control. The mechanism of action of these GeneTAC molecules, which drive these remarkable observations are shown in this animation that I'll walk you through. First, we start with FA. FA is caused by low levels of frataxin, which is a protein that's systemically expressed in the body. So if you look inside the cell and inside the nucleus, the frataxin gene has a GAA repeat expansion shown in red, which causes the RNA polymerase to slow down through this region and produce low levels of frataxin premium RNA, and therefore low levels of express translated protein. And that's what drives the dysfunction. GeneTAC candidates are hetero bifunctional small molecules, where one end of the molecule has been designed to specifically recognize the GAA expanded repeats. When this compound is administered systemically, it distributes widely, gets into the cell, gets into the nucleus, and then recognizes the GAA repeat expansions by binding to the minor groove of intact double stranded DNA in the frataxin gene, and the other end of the molecule recruits a transcriptional elongation complex. The presence of these transcriptional elongation complexes enables the RNA -- race to now rapidly read through the repeat region, and therefore produce normal levels of the frataxin pre mRNA, because the repeat expansion is in an intron, that portion of the RNA is just spliced out normally to produce normal levels of intact full length endogenous mRNA, which produces normal endogenous frataxin protein with all of its natural isoforms under the native regulatory control. This restores frataxin levels and therefore cellular health. Now, for the other side of the platform, long repeat expansions in regions of genes are shown in red in the upper half. This is the case in diseases like Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy and Myotonic Dystrophy. Repeat expansions in coding regions of genes are shown in the lower half in red, as is the case in Huntington’s Disease, and it only takes one allele to cause the disease. So patient has one wild type allele shown in the strand without the red, and a mutant allele shown in the strand with the red expanded regions. Now in the upper half, this mutant allele is transcribed by RNA polymerase to create RNA, which then folds over on itself causes tangles and sequesters MBNL proteins. This causes nuclear foci and -- osteopathy and other cellular dysfunction. Now in the lower half, the RNA is transcribed and then translated by ribosomes to make toxic mutant proteins. These proteins cause toxic aggregates, as is the case in Mutant Huntington protein causing Huntington’s Disease. GeneTAC molecules selectively target these abnormal alleles at the repeat expansions shown in red, and they dial down transcription of toxic mutant gene products and thereby restore cellular health. The wild type alleles continue to function normally. This slide summarizes the mechanism of action that we've just reviewed in the animation. And now for a deeper dive into our FA program. The root cause of FA lies in the single gene frataxin. It's the reduction in frataxin expression that causes the dysfunction, whether it's in the C&S, musculoskeletal tissues, cardiac hypertrophy, or metabolic problems that patients face. When we look at frataxin levels in [Audio Gap] healthy individuals, carriers and patients, we see that carriers have approximately half the level of their frataxin is indicated by the black line representing the group average, carriers do not have FA and have no disease burden. FA patients have a quarter to a fifth of normal frataxin levels on average. Of course, around every mean is a distribution, and there may be individuals who are above or below the mean and different individuals might require different levels of restoration to get back into the normal zone, which is somewhere near carrier levels. And that is the therapeutic goal, which is thought to be about a doubling. Now, most of the general population has less than 34 GA repeats in their frataxin gene, but someone with FA has 400 or over a 1,000 and these repeats reduce the level of normal frataxin, and it turns out you can measure this reduction with a blood test. What's shown on the top right is a result of a PCR test conducted on blood cells from patients. You can see in the gray bar on the graph that RNA levels are low in patient cells when compared with frataxin from an unaffected sibling who has two normal copies of the frataxin gene. You can imagine our excitement when we were able to observe that when cells from patients are incubated with GeneTAC molecules, there's a restoration of frataxin to normal levels in a dose dependent fashion. And when cells from unaffected siblings are incubated with the compounds, the frataxin levels remain unaltered. This is exactly what one would wish for an FA, a medicine that restores natural levels of the single gene product that causes all of these problems. And that's what's so exciting about Design, is we have an opportunity to provide a restorative therapy of natural frataxin from the patient's own genes and to do it with a small molecule. Now, we've seen that this effect is observed in a wide variety of cell types tested shown here is the result of treating terminally differentiated neurons taken from patient derived IPS cells. On the left is an increase in frataxin RNA, and on the right is an increase in frataxin protein, which follows a few days later and has a long half-life of several days. DT-216 was taken into clinical trials in patients with FA in 2022 and ‘23 with a prior formulation and the trial design is shown here. We learned from the human studies that the duration of adequate levels of exposure of DT-216 was much shorter than expected. While we knew that the drug was short-lived in plasma. Human studies showed by muscle biopsy that it was also short-lived in tissue and that what you observe in plasma is predictive of what is observed in tissue. The tissue levels from human muscle biopsies were approximately only eight to 10 nanomolar at day two, and the drug was almost gone with levels of one nanomolar by day seven. Well, despite that, there was a clear increase in frataxin expression observed in treated patients in a dose dependent fashion with one patient frataxin level, going to clinically normal carrier levels as shown in the right. However, the effect was transient because the drug exposure was transient, so we needed to develop a new drug product that could sustain this drug exposure. While the drug was generally well tolerated, there were injection site thrombophlebitis events observed, which limited the frequency and levels of dosing with the prior product candidate. Nonclinical studies showed that these reactions were attributable to the formulation excipients in the drug product. We have now conducted new non GLP animal studies with DT-216P2, which lead us to believe that these issues have now been solved and we can progress to confirmatory GLP studies to get back into the clinic. Furthermore, this new drug product appears suitable for IV administration, compatible with injections or infusions, peripheral or central, and also appears suitable for a subcutaneous route of administration. As we showed in the beginning, the new drug product, DT-216P2 has a much more sustained exposure profile as seen in the single dose ID PK curve from non-human primates. You can see between day one and day seven, the levels are 10 to perhaps a hundred-fold higher than the prior drug product, even with a quarter to approximately a 10th of the reference dose. This is because of a shorter alpha phase and the elimination half-life between the prior and new drug products are very similar. This profile has been achieved by using a proprietary and novel excipient in the formulation. DT-216P2 also has a sustained exposure profile when administered by subcutaneous route of administration as shown on the right slide. This profile has a blunted CMAX and a sustained exposure with low peak to trough level fluctuations. We have flexibility in both root of administration as well as frequency of dosing as seen here with both a daily or weekly subcutaneous injection in non-human primates. In the clinical trial, we observed that the tissue level as measured by muscle biopsy was in line with the plasma exposure, and this is typical of a small molecule drug. The new drug product also shows that the tissue levels as measured by muscle biopsy in non-human primates is in line with plasma exposures, providing comfort that the extended profile seen in plasma will provide the desired extended profile in tissues. Repeat dose studies done in non GLP assessments have also been encouraging and the program will be proceeding to GLP studies, which are planned to be completed by the end of this year to support patient dosing in 2025. Given the very different PK profile seen in the preclinical studies, our plan is now to conduct a Phase 1 clinical trial in healthy volunteers so as to confirm the pharmacokinetics and also to confirm injection site tolerability. This will also help us in choosing a dosing root and dosing frequency for longer term studies. Subsequent trials will be in FA patients, which we plan to conduct to determine safety, tolerability, and the effect of treatment on endogenous frataxin levels. Skyclarys is now approved for the treatment of FA and its update confirms that this is a large market opportunity. Since Skyclarys does not affect frataxin levels. We believe this approval has no appreciable impact on the potential opportunity for DT-216. As we've discussed before, GeneTAC small molecules have several potential advantages over any other genomic medicine modalities. Now, in case you see any literature reports of possible effects of other molecules on frataxin expression, we show here that GeneTAC molecules restore frataxin in a more substantial way than anything else reported in the literature, which is not surprising given its direct and elegant mechanism of action. Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy, or FECD is a degenerative disease of the cornea that's been known for over a hundred years. The literature widely cites that this disease affects 4% of all adult Americans over the age of 40. Only in the last decade though, has it been shown that approximately 70% to 80% of these adults get the condition due to inheriting a monogenic repeat CTG expansion in the TCF4 gene. Based on the current census, this works out to approximately 4.6 million to 5.3 million U.S. FECD patients. There are no approved disease modifying prescription drugs for FECD, and treatment is restricted to things like hypertonic saline drops to try and dehydrate the cornea. Eventually, a small fraction of patients gets a corneal transplant surgery, which there are about 18,000 to 30,000 corneal transplant surgeries done in the United States annually, and that's a very small fraction and represented by the red figure. Most patients unfortunately quietly suffer from declining visual quality. On the right is a photoshop image composed by a patient to communicate her loss of visual quality in late stage Fuchs. The analogy is sometimes that of a foggy and rainy windshield resulting in loss of low contrast, visual acuity glare and contrast sensitivity. And we have heard from a number of clinicians who see these patients that if there was anything that slowed progression and was well tolerated, they would treat everyone, even patients who were presymptomatic. FECD is caused by dysfunction in the cells of the endothelial, monolayer of the cornea, and these cells have a role in maintaining a dehydrated stroma and keep the cornea free of extracellular matrix deposits. These cells are slowly lost over time due to the disease, and they're sick because of the TCF4 mutation, which is the CTG repeat expansion in the non-coding region of the gene, this inherited mutation can be detected by means of a blood test. So how can one develop a therapy for this? By helping restore cellular health to the endothelial layer and this cell dysfunction arises from this single inherited mutant allele. The polymerase reads the mutant allele and makes an RNA containing these repeats. The RNA folds over on itself, creates tangles, and you can see them. You can stain for them. These tangles sequester MBNL splice proteins and cause mis-splicing of a number of downstream genes, which then drive cellular dysfunction. We have designed GeneTAC to bind and recognize these long CTG repeat regions in the mutant allele and shut off production of the toxic TCF4 mutant RNA. This slide shows the effectiveness of the GeneTAC molecule. Recall I said that you could stain for these mutant foci. They're shown in the above panel in the middle section as dots that light up with a fluorescently labeled probe inside the nucleus of endothelial cells taken directly from discarded cornea of patients who've undergone surgery. On the lower panel, we observed that these foci largely go away when these patient corneal cells are treated with DT-168. The compound has -- potency as shown in the dose response curve on the right. This slide shows the results of assay for wild type TCF4 transcripts from patient cells as shown here. Drug treatment has no effect on the wild type TCF4 expression. This is an allele selective inhibition, which is highly desirable. This slide looks at mis-splicing that occurs in a variety of downstream genes at baseline and light green, and with drug treatment as mutant TCF4 expression is dialed down and sequestered splicing proteins are released, downstream normal splicing is restored leading to a treatment of the cellular dysfunction. Not only do we see an allele selective effect, which is the desired product profile, we have also been able to formulate this to be suitably delivered as an eye drop. All the required nonclinical safety studies have been conducted and reviewed by the FDA resulting in an IND that's been cleared. We plan to initiate Phase 1 development for DT-168 in 2024. We now need to determine the impact of this type of treatment on the progression of this degenerative corneal disease. And for that purpose, we need to gain experience with various possible endpoints and patient characteristics. Therefore, prior to jumping into an interventional trial in patients, we believe the correct strategy for clinical development is to first run an observational study with patients diagnosed with Fuchs, who have a genetically confirmed TCF4 expansion mutation. We have begun enrollment in such a trial and plan to recruit 200 patients during the year and plan to follow them for two years. This will enable us to understand the patient characteristics and endpoints that allow us to measure the dysfunction and progression in these patients. Once we have gathered sufficient data to measure disease progression and the performance of various endpoints, we will then focus on an interventional treatment trial. These endpoints include measures of visual quality, anterior eye tomography, and also microscopic visualization of the corneal endothelium. We are revealing for the first time our program for Huntington's disease. As HD is a devastating neurodegenerative disease caused by an exonic repeat expansion in the Huntington gene. A longstanding objective in the field has been for there to be a selective inhibition of the mutant Huntington allele with a molecule that can distribute widely to the effect cells, and this has been a very elusive profile to achieve. Here is data looking at the effect of one of our two candidate molecules on wild type and Mutant Huntington, RNA from treated patient fibroblast cells. The left panel shows data from a normal onset HD genotype and the right panel, the effect on an early onset HD genotype, which contains a longer repeat expansion. We observe an allele selective inhibition of Mutant Huntington RNA. The effect is even more pronounced in the early onset genotype. This is particularly encouraging because regardless of the genotype, it is known that the repeats undergo somatic expansion of various lengths in different neurons over time, and this data suggests that the compound would have an even more profound impact on those cells, which have undergone a longer somatic expansion of their CAG repeats. This slide shows that the RNA effect shown earlier, translated to the expected effect on mutant Huntington protein. The above panel shows that Mutant Huntington selective antibodies able to detect mutant protein disappearing with increasing concentrations of drug. The middle panel uses an antibody that detects both wild type and Mutant Huntington, and you can see an expected reduction due to the mutant protein being reduced. Now, the size of these proteins are hard to resolve in the normal onset genotype in the left panel gels, but in the early onset genotypes, the mutant and wild type proteins are different enough in size to actually show up as two bands on the middle panel on the right side. This is the RNA inhibition data from candidate two, showing a similar allele selective inhibition, and this is the protein inhibition data from candidate two. Also showing an effect as expected from the RNA inhibition. We expect to choose one of these compounds to move forward with as a development candidate once further testing is conducted. Having seen these exciting profiles, we are encouraged at the preliminary non-GLP tolerability of these molecules in both rodents and non-human primates. We've conducted pharmacology assessments of these molecules and have selected a widely used Q-175DN pharmacodynamic mouse model to SaaS PD. We observe in this study that with systemic administration, there is an over 50% reduction of Mutant Huntington RNA and protein in the striatum of mice, which supports the idea that this compound is able to get into the brain and get into the cells and have the intended effect with systemic administration. We are very encouraged to see this in vivo confirmation of the activity seen in cells derived from patients. If this pans out, HD GeneTAC molecules hold the potential of selectively reducing mutant Huntington with a widespread distribution profile and systemic administration regardless of the patient's HD genotype. This would be a best-in-class profile. Our next milestone for the program is to choose a development candidate. We are also working on a program in myotonic dystrophy. DM1 is caused by a CTG repeat in the DMPK gene in the three prime untranslated region. Much like the FECD story mutant DMPK RNA form toxic foci and downstream splicing dysfunction. It would be highly desirable and a best-in-class profile to have a selective inhibitor of mutant DMPK for the treatment of myotonic dystrophy that would distribute broadly in all affected tissues and cell types. This data shows that we have a GeneTAC molecule that reduce these toxic DMPK foci with low nanomolar potency. This is a splicing index from panel of splice genes with seven days of treatment from patient derived myotubes, showing that the DM1 foci reduction does have beneficial downstream effect on cellular health. The next milestone for this program is DC declaration. In summary, we have a promising new platform for genomic medicine that is meaningfully differentiated from other genomic medicine modalities. We have four drug programs each in significant markets and with highly differentiated profiles, the first two of which are expected to be clinical stage next year. We ended 2023 with approximately $281 million, and this gives us a cash runway for the next five years. Pending future R&D results and ongoing strategic review, this cash runway would support generating clinical proof of concept data in up to four programs. We believe each of these programs has the potential to transform the treatment of these debilitating conditions. And success in any one of these would create significant value for investors. We are dedicated to moving these molecules forward and welcome you to participate in this journey and help us get to success. This concludes our prepared remarks and we'll now move to Q&A. Operator, please open the line for questions.
Operator: [Operator Instructions] That will come from the line of Joseph Schwartz with Leerink Partners.
Joseph Schwartz : I was wondering if you could tell us more about the tissue distribution relative to the plasma distribution for DT-216P2 in all of the relevant tissue types for patients affected by FA? And then have you gone back and back tested the ISR profile for the original formulation of DT-216, as well as the new one.
Sean Jeffries : Thank you, Joe, for that question. On the exposure profile. As a reminder, one of the major learnings from our prior clinical trial was that the levels of drug required in tissue are similar to the in vitro EC90. So that eight to 10 animal exposure that we saw in muscle in patients from the trial is something that sets a target. The prior drug product had this disconnect between the duration of plasma and tissue levels in animals. We did not observe any such disconnect in humans and the new drug product DT-216P2 is well behaved in that even in animals there's no longer a disconnect between plasma and tissue levels. And this is what you would expect with a small molecule drug. So if you reference slide 22, muscle biopsies showed the tissue levels were predicted by plasma levels. And that turns out to then also be true with our DT-216P2, where on the right you see that in non-human primate studies, the plasma levels are much higher and so are the tissue levels as shown by muscle biopsy from these NHPs. In addition, we have some additional confirmatory data in a rat distribution study, which we can show you in the subsequent slide here, that there's adequate levels of drugs seen in a broad set of tissues against that target level of eight to 10 animals that we require to see a biological effect. And so, once you exceed the threshold required for biological effect, there's no excessive pharmacology. So we feel that the exciting results we've seen with the plasma PK do also set us up well for good tissue distribution. On your other question about injection site reactions, non-clinical studies show that the injection site reactions were attributable to the excipients in the prior clinical formulation. And now the new non-GLP studies that we've conducted with DT-216P2 support the conclusion that this formulation has resolved the injection site issues and is suitable to progress into confirmatory GLP studies. And in fact, in one arm of the study, we've included daily injections over four weeks, which gives us further confidence that the injection site tolerability issues appear resolved.
Operator: Will come from the line of Leonid Timashev with RBC Capital Markets.
Unidentified Analyst : This is Nevin on for Leo. Just a couple from us. How are you thinking about designing your Phase 1 for DT-216P3. And then if you show for tax and expression increases in patients, do you think that that might potentially open a path forward for accelerated approval given some of the latest understanding of the biology and the FDA's views on that? And then should we also expect similar patient numbers to the original SAT in that study?
Pratik Shah: With regard to the Phase 1 studies, because we see this remarkably different PK profile that hits all of the criteria that we were looking for. Our approach here is to first conduct a Phase 1 PK study in healthy volunteers. And this is to confirm the encouraging PK profile of DT-216P2. Once we get data from that study, we then plan to conduct patient studies beginning in 2025. With regard to your next question on FDA and endpoints, I would say that the unmet need here is high. We don't have anything to add in terms of what the FDA may or may not require in the future. We've had productive engagement with the FDA previously and we'll continue to engage with the agency upon resumption of clinical studies.
Operator: [Operator Instructions] And that will come from the line of Laura Chico with Wedbush.
Laura Chico : Thank you very much for taking the question. I believe you were also working in parallel on some new method development with respect to frataxin and detection on a protein level. I'm wondering if you can share any details kind of on where that methodology stands at present and maybe kind of timing to advance those efforts. And then I have one quick follow up.
Pratik Shah: We are dedicated to continuing to work on whatever improvements we can make in measurement of frataxin levels. We have robust assays that we've already used in prior clinical studies for measurement of frataxin RNA, and we continue to make improvements on our ability to reliably measure frataxin protein and possible changes and frataxin protein. And we will provide updates on that progress as we progress to the clinic.
Laura Chico : And then just quickly with respect to Fuchs, and this may come out in your observational study, but I'm kind of curious with AMD visual acuity measurements are pretty straightforward, but contrast that with something else like geographic atrophy and it's a little bit more challenging to characterize progression or loss of vision. So I'm curious, where does Fuchs kind of shake out in that spectrum and any ideas in terms of kind of measurements that you think might be most promising?
Pratik Shah : Thank you for the question. We're conducting an observational study in patients with Fuchs, with a confirmed TCF4 mutation to better understand both patient characteristics as well as the characteristics of the endpoints and disease progression. And those come in three different broad buckets. One is a variety of measures of visual quality, and there are numerous reports in the literature of ways to measure the loss of visual quality in patients with Fuchs. And we'll be getting direct experience with those types of measures. Second is measures of edema or fluid buildup in the cornea, because the endothelial cell layers, function is to dehydrate the stroma and keep the cornea clear. And there are ways in the clinic to measure this subclinical edema using anterior eye tomography, for example. We including those measures in the observational study. And third, as you've seen in the back of the eye in geographic atrophy, there are analogous or corresponding ways to directly visualize the corneal endothelium in patients using specialized microscopy. And so, we'll be including those measures as well. And that will give us a variety of tools to examine the characteristics of the patients and the disease progression.
Operator: Thank you. I'm showing no further questions in the queue at this time. I would now like to turn the call back over to Mr. Pratik Shah for any closing remarks.
Pratik Shah : Thank you everyone for joining us on today's call. We look forward to updating you as we continue to make exciting progress at Design.
Operator: Thank you all for participating. This concludes today's program. You may now disconnect.